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Avant les Conventions de Genève de 1949, seuls les conflits armés internationaux étaient réglementés par le droit de la guerre. Ce dernier ne pouvait s’appliquer dans les guerres civiles qu’après la reconnaissance des forces rebelles comme partie belligérante. Or, depuis la Seconde guerre mondiale, on a assisté à une multiplication des conflits armés non internationaux. Mais les Conventions de Genève de 1949 leur ont consacré seulement l’article 3 commun ; puis le Protocole II additionnel de 1977 est venu le compléter. Ces deux textes comportent de nombreuses lacunes, notamment l’absence de définition des « combattants » et des « civils », rendant ainsi difficile le respect du principe de distinction pourtant essentiel à la protection des populations civiles. Ces dispositions ne réglementent pas non plus les moyens et méthodes de guerre. Outre les lacunes normatives, il y a des problèmes matériels qui compliquent la mise en œuvre efficace des règles pertinentes. Il s’agit notamment de la participation des populations civiles aux hostilités, y compris les enfants-soldats et les mercenaires. L’absence du statut de combattant dans les conflits armés non internationaux apparaît comme le problème principal compromettant l’efficacité du droit international humanitaire. Celle-ci ne contribue-t-elle pas au non-respect de ce droit par les groupes armés ? Faudrait-il conférer ce statut à ces derniers en vue de les amener à appliquer le droit international humanitaire ou envisager d’autres moyens ? Toutes ces questions sont traitées. L’ouvrage intéressera les praticiens spécialisés en droit humanitaire, en droit de l’homme, en droit international public et en droit pénal international mais aussi les professeurs et les étudiants.

Human rights --- Law of armed conflicts. Humanitarian law --- International law --- Combatants and noncombatants (International law) --- Humanitarian law --- War (International law) --- Combattants et non-combattants (Droit international) --- Droit international humanitaire --- Guerre (Droit international) --- EPUB-ALPHA-S EPUB-LIV-FT LIVDROIT STRADA-B --- War crimes --- Private military companies --- Child soldiers --- Armed Forces --- E-books --- Droit humanitaire --- Combattants et non-combattants (droit international) --- Conflits de basse intensité

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"Today's business owner is facing a new set of challenges to provide for a safe and secure business environment. But the prudent business owner has only to look to the professional security consultant for assistance in developing strategies to achieve that goal. This unique book provides the private investigator with the information to become a proactive partner with the business owner in enhancing the safety and security within the business. The text includes information pertaining to the legal ramifications of negligent security claims; how to ensure employees are whom they claim to be; optimum utilization of security personnel and electronic security devices and systems; development of relevant security-related policies and procedures; and supervision and management controls. The book's 34 chapters are written in a very clear and concise style and include such topics as: elements of premises liability and negligent security, inadequate security, adequate background investigations, qualifications of a security force, warehouse and cargo security, successful business marketing, armed or unarmed status, separating high-risk employees, workplace violence programs, officer training, preventing internal theft and fraud, employing subcontractors, home and personal safety, guard post orders, parking lot lighting, home security weaknesses, preparation for litigation, crisis management guidelines, convenience store security, protecting human assets, and developing a business safety and security plan"--

Business enterprises --- Private security services. --- Security consultants. --- Security systems. --- Security measures --- Burglary protection --- Consultants --- Security systems --- Private security services --- Private security companies --- Private security industry --- Protection services, Private --- Security companies, Private --- Security industry, Private --- Security services, Private --- Crime prevention --- Police, Private --- Private military companies --- Security consultants --- Business organizations --- Businesses --- Companies --- Enterprises --- Firms --- Organizations, Business --- Business --- Security measures. --- E-books

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Private security services --- Corporations --- Management. --- Management --- Security measures --- Business corporations --- C corporations --- Corporations, Business --- Corporations, Public --- Limited companies --- Publicly held corporations --- Publicly traded corporations --- Public limited companies --- Stock corporations --- Subchapter C corporations --- Business enterprises --- Corporate power --- Disincorporation --- Stocks --- Trusts, Industrial --- Private security companies --- Private security industry --- Protection services, Private --- Security companies, Private --- Security industry, Private --- Security services, Private --- Crime prevention --- Security systems --- Police, Private --- Private military companies --- Security consultants

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“An essential reading for anyone interested in the rise of private security at sea and the regulatory challenges arising.” — Christian Bueger, professor of International Relations, Copenhagen University “This careful comparative analysis is a timely reminder that authority over the use of force is now located within commercial networks, inviting us to engage with the consequences.” — Anna Leander, professor of International Relations, Graduate Institute Geneva “Extensive research and incisive analysis give the book authenticity and credibility, adding an invaluable contribution to fighting piracy and maritime security debates.” — Peter Cook, founder of the Security Association for the Maritime Industry (SAMI) In response to pirate attacks in the Western Indian Ocean, countries worldwide have increasingly authorized the deployment of armed guards from private military and security companies (PMSCs) on merchant ships. This widespread trend contradicts states’ commitment to retain a monopoly on violence and discourage the presence of arms on civilian vessels. This book conceptualizes the extensive use of PMSCs as a form of institutional isomorphism, combining the functionalist, ideational, political and organizational arguments used to account for the privatization of security on land into a synthetic explanation of the commercialization of vessel protection. Eugenio Cusumano is Assistant Professor of International Relations at the University of Leiden, the Netherlands. He wrote extensively on non-state actors’ involvement in crisis management on journals like Security Dialogue and the Journal of Strategic Studies and edited volumes published by Palgrave, Oxford and Stanford University Press. Stefano Ruzza is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Turin, Italy. He is also a Head of Program at T.wai - Torino World Affairs Institute, lectures in Italian Army advanced educational programmes, and is responsible for the Italian translation of the SIPRI Yearbook Summary.

Merchant marine --- Piracy --- Private security services. --- Private security companies --- Private security industry --- Protection services, Private --- Security companies, Private --- Security industry, Private --- Security services, Private --- Crime prevention --- Security systems --- Police, Private --- Private military companies --- Security consultants --- Mercantile marine --- Marine service --- Shipping --- Security measures. --- Prevention. --- Security, International. --- Politics and war. --- Europe—Politics and government. --- International Security Studies. --- Military and Defence Studies. --- European Politics. --- War --- War and politics --- Collective security --- International security --- International relations --- Disarmament --- International organization --- Peace --- Political aspects --- Europe --- Politics and government. --- Politics --- Safety measures.